10.07.2005, 08:50
Pima-Indianer – Arizona
1: Gastroenterology. 1977 Dec;73(6):1299-304.
Lactose malabsorption among the Pima indians of Arizona.
Johnson JD, Simoons FJ, Hurwitz R, Grange A, Mitchell CH, Sinatra FR, Sunshine P, Robertson WV, Bennett PH, Kretchmer N.
Lactose loading tests and other means were used to determine the pattern of primary "adult" lactose malabsorption (LM) and milk use among 171 subjects, including 122 children and 49 adults, almost all of them Pima Indians of Arizona. LM develops at quite young ages in full-blooded Pima children: already in the 3- to 4-year age group, 40% had LM.
Laktosemalabsorption entwickelt sich bei den Pima-Indianern sehr früh: schon in der Gruppe der 3-bis 4 Jährigen haben 40% LI.
Of 62 full-blooded (reinrassigen) Indians (greater than or equal to 4 years of age), 59 (95%) had LM.
Von 62 reinrassigen Indianern waren ( 4-Jährige und älter) 59 = 95% LI.
Of 41 Indians (greater than or equal to 4 years) who were of mixed Indian-northern European ancestry, however, only 25 (61%) had LM, and, among them, prevalence of LM correlated with degree of northern European admixture.
Von 41 Indianern ( 4-Jährige und älter) mit einem nordeuropäischen Ahnen, hatten nur 61% LI, die Prävalenz der LI korrelierte mit dem Grad der nordeuropäischen Beimischung .
Whereas only 21% of Pima lactose absorbers reported symptoms after the loading test, 72% of malabsorbers did so, with older malabsorbers more likely to experience symptoms. In their everyday lives, only 23% of malabsorbers recognized symptoms brought on by milk consumption, but the percentage of malabsorbers making such an association increased with age.
Nur 21% der Laktose-Absorber berichteten von Symptomen nach dem Belastungstest, dafür 72% der Laktose-Malabsorber. Im Alltag aber bemerkten nur 23% der Malabsorber Beschwerden nach dem Verzehr von Milch; aber der Prozentsatz der Betroffenen lässt vermuten, dass die Beschwerden mit dem Alter zunehmen.
Nevertheless the Pima, adults as well as children, continue to drink reasonable quantities of milk.
Nichtsdestotrotz konsumieren die Pima “vernünftige ” Mengen an Milch…….
( welche Menge sollte da „vernünftig“ sein???????)
Family pedigrees are consistent with the hypothesis that adult lactose absorption is inherited as an autosomal dominant trait. Over-all results of this study, moreover, support the geographic hypothesis advanced to explain ethnic or racial differences in prevalence of LM, rather than the induction hypothesis.
PMID: 578795 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query...query_hl=2
******
Ein kleiner Ausschnitt: http://adam.about.com/reports/000060_2.htm
·African Americans. African American men have one and a half times the risk of developing type 2 diabetes and African American women have twice the risk as their Caucasian peers. African Americans with diabetes are also at higher risk for amputations than diabetic Caucasians. This is most likely due to a higher incidence of high blood pressure and smoking as well as poorer health care in African Americans. Genetic factors also play a role. For example, there is some evidence that African Americans process insulin in the liver differently from Caucasians, which may make them more susceptible to diabetes when other risk factors are present.
·Afro-Amerikaner : Männer haben ein 1 ½ höheres Risiko an Diabetes zu erkranken als „Kaukasier“(-> Menschen nordeuropäischer Abstammung), Frauen ein 2-faches Risiko... ·
·Native Americans. The Pima tribe in Arizona has an incidence of type 2 diabetes that is 19 times higher than that of the white population. The risk for diabetic complications among young Pima adults is also very high. Other Native American tribes in North America are also at high risk for type 2 diabetes. The association between diet and diabetes among this population remains critical, however, in assessing the reason for their higher risk. For example, in one study, Pimas who lived in Mexico exercised more and ate less fat (but consumed more calories) than Pima tribes in Arizona. Mexican Pimas have a prevalence of diabetes of only 6%, while half of their Arizona Pima neighbors had diabetes.
·Bei den Pima Indianern liegt dieses Risiko um 19x höher als bei der weißen Bevölkerung. Hier ein möglicher Zusammenhang von Ernährung und dem Risiko, Diabetes zu bekommen, wenigstens erwähnt- wenn auch mit der Bemerkung, dieser Zusammenhang sollte „kritisch“ betrachtet werden........ ·
Hispanic Americans. The rate of type 2 diabetes is also very high among Mexican Americans, approximately double that for Caucasians. This group may also be at higher risk for heart problems than other ethnic groups with diabetes.
·Und die Amerikaner spanischer Abstammung zeigen ein “doppeltes” Risiko – im Vergleich zu den weißen Amerikanern........
***********
·
http://care.diabetesjournals.org/cgi/con.../17/9/1067
auch nur ein Ausschnitt:
CONCLUSIONS--This preliminary investigation shows that obesity, and perhaps NIDDM, is less prevalent among people of Pima heritage living a "traditional" lifestyle than among Pimas living in an "affluent" environment. These findings suggest that, despite a similar potential genetic predisposition to these conditions, a traditional lifestyle, characterized by a diet including less animal fat and more complex carbohydrates and by greater energy expenditure in physical labor, may protect against the development of cardiovascular disease risk factors, obesity, and NIDDM.
Hier wurde der Lebensstil von Pimas untersucht: ein Teil lebt in Arizona – nach westlichen Vorbild.. ein anderer Teil in Mexiko nach traditionellem Muster ; auch mit traditioneller Ernährung
was hier keine Erwähnung findet sind Milchprodukte!!!!!!) Mit traditioneller Lebensweise scheint Diabetes keine große Chance zu haben.......
*****
Diabetes Care, Vol 16, Issue 1 216-227, Copyright 1993 by American Diabetes Association
Determinants of diabetes mellitus in the Pima Indians
WC Knowler, MF Saad, DJ Pettitt, RG Nelson and PH Bennett
Diabetes and Arthritis Epidemiology Section, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Phoenix, AZ 85014.
OBJECTIVE--To review the research findings on the determinants of diabetes mellitus in Pima Indians. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS--Pima Indians in Arizona have participated in a longitudinal diabetes study that has provided data on and hypotheses about the development of NIDDM. Findings from this study are reviewed and updated. RESULTS--Frequency distributions of plasma glucose and HbA1 are bimodal in Pima adults, and substantial risk of the specific vascular complications of diabetes is confined to those in the higher components of these distributions. These findings contributed to the adoption of internationally recognized criteria for classification of glucose tolerance. Diabetes in the Pimas is strongly familial, and probably of genetic origin, although the precise nature of the gene or genes involved remains unknown. Obesity, which is at least in part environmentally determined, is a major factor interacting with the presumed genetic susceptibility to result in diabetes. The incidence of diabetes in the Pimas has increased during the last several decades, providing further evidence for environmental-genetic interaction. Longitudinal studies suggest that the progression from normal to diabetes can be considered to involve two stages. The first, primarily attributable to insulin resistance, leads to impaired glucose tolerance, and the second, which depends on insulin secretory failure, leads to worsening hyperglycemia and overt diabetes. CONCLUSIONS--The Pimas and many other American Indian populations suffer from a high incidence of diabetes and its characteristic disabling or fatal complications, and would benefit from continued research on the pathogenesis and prevention of the disease.
Hier wird darüber „nachgedacht“, dass Pima-Indiander und andere Ureinwohner Amerikas wohl durch „genetische Veranlagung“ zu Adipositas und Diabetes neigen würden- und dann vererbt werden würde.....
Tja: merkwürdig aber doch, dass „diese genetische Interaktion“ erst in den letzten Jahrzehnten auftrat – was wohl zu diesem „Genbruch“ geführt haben mag???
http://care.diabetesjournals.org/cgi/con...t/16/1/216
*****
...und auch hier wird beklagt, dass die „Mütter“ mit Schuld an der hohen Diabetes-Rate unter den Pima tragen würden ...was sie bestimmt haben: aber warum leiden die Mütter an Diabetes??????????
Ausschnitt aus : http://www.jqjacobs.net/southwest/diabetes.html
In a study of the Pima Indians, the population with the highest prevalence of diabetes in the world, most of the diabetics were offspring of diabetic mothers, without evidence that the mothers were undernourished. Nevertheless, the observation of an excess prevalence of diabetes by the time these babies were 30 years of age was clear (Bennett 1999). Given the results by the Martin group it would be reasonable to look at the nourishment of earlier generations. Offspring exposed to the highest levels of amniotic fluid insulin (AFI) have a 13-fold increased risk of developing IGT by 10-16 years of age, and therefore NIDDM (Silverman et al. 1995). Abnormal intrauterine environments leads to early expression of diabetes (Bennett 1999). In the Pima, 10-15 percent of new cases are the children of diabetic pregnancies. Early onset of diabetes leads to increased diabetic pregnancies in the next generation and a further increase in the prevalence of diabetes, presenting a vicious cycle (Bennett 1999). This could explain the very high prevalence in the Pimas.
*****
Fortsetzung......
1: Gastroenterology. 1977 Dec;73(6):1299-304.
Lactose malabsorption among the Pima indians of Arizona.
Johnson JD, Simoons FJ, Hurwitz R, Grange A, Mitchell CH, Sinatra FR, Sunshine P, Robertson WV, Bennett PH, Kretchmer N.
Lactose loading tests and other means were used to determine the pattern of primary "adult" lactose malabsorption (LM) and milk use among 171 subjects, including 122 children and 49 adults, almost all of them Pima Indians of Arizona. LM develops at quite young ages in full-blooded Pima children: already in the 3- to 4-year age group, 40% had LM.
Laktosemalabsorption entwickelt sich bei den Pima-Indianern sehr früh: schon in der Gruppe der 3-bis 4 Jährigen haben 40% LI.
Of 62 full-blooded (reinrassigen) Indians (greater than or equal to 4 years of age), 59 (95%) had LM.
Von 62 reinrassigen Indianern waren ( 4-Jährige und älter) 59 = 95% LI.
Of 41 Indians (greater than or equal to 4 years) who were of mixed Indian-northern European ancestry, however, only 25 (61%) had LM, and, among them, prevalence of LM correlated with degree of northern European admixture.
Von 41 Indianern ( 4-Jährige und älter) mit einem nordeuropäischen Ahnen, hatten nur 61% LI, die Prävalenz der LI korrelierte mit dem Grad der nordeuropäischen Beimischung .
Whereas only 21% of Pima lactose absorbers reported symptoms after the loading test, 72% of malabsorbers did so, with older malabsorbers more likely to experience symptoms. In their everyday lives, only 23% of malabsorbers recognized symptoms brought on by milk consumption, but the percentage of malabsorbers making such an association increased with age.
Nur 21% der Laktose-Absorber berichteten von Symptomen nach dem Belastungstest, dafür 72% der Laktose-Malabsorber. Im Alltag aber bemerkten nur 23% der Malabsorber Beschwerden nach dem Verzehr von Milch; aber der Prozentsatz der Betroffenen lässt vermuten, dass die Beschwerden mit dem Alter zunehmen.
Nevertheless the Pima, adults as well as children, continue to drink reasonable quantities of milk.
Nichtsdestotrotz konsumieren die Pima “vernünftige ” Mengen an Milch…….
( welche Menge sollte da „vernünftig“ sein???????)
Family pedigrees are consistent with the hypothesis that adult lactose absorption is inherited as an autosomal dominant trait. Over-all results of this study, moreover, support the geographic hypothesis advanced to explain ethnic or racial differences in prevalence of LM, rather than the induction hypothesis.
PMID: 578795 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query...query_hl=2
******
Ein kleiner Ausschnitt: http://adam.about.com/reports/000060_2.htm
·African Americans. African American men have one and a half times the risk of developing type 2 diabetes and African American women have twice the risk as their Caucasian peers. African Americans with diabetes are also at higher risk for amputations than diabetic Caucasians. This is most likely due to a higher incidence of high blood pressure and smoking as well as poorer health care in African Americans. Genetic factors also play a role. For example, there is some evidence that African Americans process insulin in the liver differently from Caucasians, which may make them more susceptible to diabetes when other risk factors are present.
·Afro-Amerikaner : Männer haben ein 1 ½ höheres Risiko an Diabetes zu erkranken als „Kaukasier“(-> Menschen nordeuropäischer Abstammung), Frauen ein 2-faches Risiko... ·
·Native Americans. The Pima tribe in Arizona has an incidence of type 2 diabetes that is 19 times higher than that of the white population. The risk for diabetic complications among young Pima adults is also very high. Other Native American tribes in North America are also at high risk for type 2 diabetes. The association between diet and diabetes among this population remains critical, however, in assessing the reason for their higher risk. For example, in one study, Pimas who lived in Mexico exercised more and ate less fat (but consumed more calories) than Pima tribes in Arizona. Mexican Pimas have a prevalence of diabetes of only 6%, while half of their Arizona Pima neighbors had diabetes.
·Bei den Pima Indianern liegt dieses Risiko um 19x höher als bei der weißen Bevölkerung. Hier ein möglicher Zusammenhang von Ernährung und dem Risiko, Diabetes zu bekommen, wenigstens erwähnt- wenn auch mit der Bemerkung, dieser Zusammenhang sollte „kritisch“ betrachtet werden........ ·
Hispanic Americans. The rate of type 2 diabetes is also very high among Mexican Americans, approximately double that for Caucasians. This group may also be at higher risk for heart problems than other ethnic groups with diabetes.
·Und die Amerikaner spanischer Abstammung zeigen ein “doppeltes” Risiko – im Vergleich zu den weißen Amerikanern........
***********
·
http://care.diabetesjournals.org/cgi/con.../17/9/1067
auch nur ein Ausschnitt:
CONCLUSIONS--This preliminary investigation shows that obesity, and perhaps NIDDM, is less prevalent among people of Pima heritage living a "traditional" lifestyle than among Pimas living in an "affluent" environment. These findings suggest that, despite a similar potential genetic predisposition to these conditions, a traditional lifestyle, characterized by a diet including less animal fat and more complex carbohydrates and by greater energy expenditure in physical labor, may protect against the development of cardiovascular disease risk factors, obesity, and NIDDM.
Hier wurde der Lebensstil von Pimas untersucht: ein Teil lebt in Arizona – nach westlichen Vorbild.. ein anderer Teil in Mexiko nach traditionellem Muster ; auch mit traditioneller Ernährung
was hier keine Erwähnung findet sind Milchprodukte!!!!!!) Mit traditioneller Lebensweise scheint Diabetes keine große Chance zu haben....... *****
Diabetes Care, Vol 16, Issue 1 216-227, Copyright 1993 by American Diabetes Association
Determinants of diabetes mellitus in the Pima Indians
WC Knowler, MF Saad, DJ Pettitt, RG Nelson and PH Bennett
Diabetes and Arthritis Epidemiology Section, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Phoenix, AZ 85014.
OBJECTIVE--To review the research findings on the determinants of diabetes mellitus in Pima Indians. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS--Pima Indians in Arizona have participated in a longitudinal diabetes study that has provided data on and hypotheses about the development of NIDDM. Findings from this study are reviewed and updated. RESULTS--Frequency distributions of plasma glucose and HbA1 are bimodal in Pima adults, and substantial risk of the specific vascular complications of diabetes is confined to those in the higher components of these distributions. These findings contributed to the adoption of internationally recognized criteria for classification of glucose tolerance. Diabetes in the Pimas is strongly familial, and probably of genetic origin, although the precise nature of the gene or genes involved remains unknown. Obesity, which is at least in part environmentally determined, is a major factor interacting with the presumed genetic susceptibility to result in diabetes. The incidence of diabetes in the Pimas has increased during the last several decades, providing further evidence for environmental-genetic interaction. Longitudinal studies suggest that the progression from normal to diabetes can be considered to involve two stages. The first, primarily attributable to insulin resistance, leads to impaired glucose tolerance, and the second, which depends on insulin secretory failure, leads to worsening hyperglycemia and overt diabetes. CONCLUSIONS--The Pimas and many other American Indian populations suffer from a high incidence of diabetes and its characteristic disabling or fatal complications, and would benefit from continued research on the pathogenesis and prevention of the disease.
Hier wird darüber „nachgedacht“, dass Pima-Indiander und andere Ureinwohner Amerikas wohl durch „genetische Veranlagung“ zu Adipositas und Diabetes neigen würden- und dann vererbt werden würde.....
Tja: merkwürdig aber doch, dass „diese genetische Interaktion“ erst in den letzten Jahrzehnten auftrat – was wohl zu diesem „Genbruch“ geführt haben mag???
http://care.diabetesjournals.org/cgi/con...t/16/1/216
*****
...und auch hier wird beklagt, dass die „Mütter“ mit Schuld an der hohen Diabetes-Rate unter den Pima tragen würden ...was sie bestimmt haben: aber warum leiden die Mütter an Diabetes??????????
Ausschnitt aus : http://www.jqjacobs.net/southwest/diabetes.html
In a study of the Pima Indians, the population with the highest prevalence of diabetes in the world, most of the diabetics were offspring of diabetic mothers, without evidence that the mothers were undernourished. Nevertheless, the observation of an excess prevalence of diabetes by the time these babies were 30 years of age was clear (Bennett 1999). Given the results by the Martin group it would be reasonable to look at the nourishment of earlier generations. Offspring exposed to the highest levels of amniotic fluid insulin (AFI) have a 13-fold increased risk of developing IGT by 10-16 years of age, and therefore NIDDM (Silverman et al. 1995). Abnormal intrauterine environments leads to early expression of diabetes (Bennett 1999). In the Pima, 10-15 percent of new cases are the children of diabetic pregnancies. Early onset of diabetes leads to increased diabetic pregnancies in the next generation and a further increase in the prevalence of diabetes, presenting a vicious cycle (Bennett 1999). This could explain the very high prevalence in the Pimas.
*****
Fortsetzung......